Discussion on the Challenges Surrounding Anti-microbial Resistance, Using Relevant Case-study Examples

Authors

  • Yiqun Wang University of Edinburgh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jams.v5i2.4441

Abstract

The advent of antimicrobial drugs has made a huge contribution to human society, but their commodity nature has given rise to behaviors such as abuse and overuse, leading to the emergence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs and other hazards. Nowadays, the structure of interests formed by various stakeholders in the market circulation of antimicrobial agents has become unbalanced, and government intervention as a breakthrough still faces many challenges. This paper discusses the AMR challenges of government intervention under the interest structure in the context of case studies in the Global North and the Global South areas from the point of view of human health in terms of stagnant R & D processes for novel antimicrobial drugs, a profit-oriented neoliberal atmosphere that mismatches production trends of antimicrobial drugs with market demand, the prevalence of private institutions lacking effective regulation, incomplete government interventions, and the difficulty of pursuing the WHO strategic plan on antimicrobial resistance, etc.

Keywords:

Anti-microbial resistance, State intervention, Interest structure, Case studies in the Global North and the Global South areas

References

[1] WHO, 2020. Antimicrobial Resistance. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance (Accessed 4 December 2020).

[2] Wang, L., Cao, W., 2017. Current global antimicrobial resistance and countermeasures. Military Medical Sciences. 41(5), 329-333.

[3] Ting, Y., Min, X., Mei, G., 2011. Controlling Antimicrobial Drug Abuse: Based on Technology Infrastructure, Interest Structure and Government Regulation. Shanghai Journal of Economics. 12.

[4] Laxminarayan, R., Matsoso, P., Pant, S., et al., 2016. Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge. The Lancet. 387(10014), 168-175.

[5] Harbarth, S., Theuretzbacher, U., Hackett, J., et al., 2015. Antibiotic research and development: business as usual?. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 70(6), 1604-1607.

[6] Liu, C., 2019. Global concern: Strategies for antibiotic development and risk of resistance. Chinese Journal of Antibiotics. 44(1), 1-8.

[7] Wallinga, D., Rayner, G., Lang, T., 2015. Antimicrobial resistance and biological governance: explanations for policy failure. Public Health. 129(10), 1314-1325.

[8] Zhang, M., Shao, R., 2016. Study on American incentive policies for antibiotic research and development and the inspirations. Chinese Journal of New Drugs. 25(1), 13-18.

[9] Sciarretta, K., Røttingen, J.A., Opalska, A., et al., 2016. Economic incentives for antibacterial drug development: literature review and considerations from the Transatlantic Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 63(11), 1470-1474.

[10] Outterson, K., 2012. All pain, no GAIN: need for prudent antimicrobial use provisions to complement the GAIN Act. APUA Clinical Newsletter. 30(1), 13.

[11] Laxminarayan, R., Duse, A., Wattal, C., et al., 2013. Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 13(12), 1057-1098.

[12] Dutescu, I.A., 2020. The Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: How Neoliberalism Helps Microbes Dodge Our Drugs. International Journal of Health Services. 0020731420949823.

[13] WHO, 2017. Namibia’S Ban On Antibiotics In Healthy Animals Drives Meat Exports. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/namibia-s-ban-on-antibiotics-in-healthy-animals-drives-meat-exports (Accessed 4 December 2020).

[14] Khan, M.S., Salve, S., Porter, J.D., 2015. Engaging for-profit providers in TB control: lessons learnt from initiatives in South Asia. Health policy and planning. 30(10), 1289-1295.

[15] Mendelson, M., Røttingen, J.A., Gopinathan, U., et al., 2016. Maximising access to achieve appropriate human antimicrobial use in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet. 387(10014), 188-198.

[16] Alsan, M., Schoemaker, L., Eggleston, K., et al., 2015. Out-of-pocket health expenditures and antimicrobial resistance in low-income and middle-income countries: an economic analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 15(10), 1203-1210.

[17] Dar, O.A., Hasan, R., Schlundt, J., et al., 2016. Exploring the evidence base for national and regional policy interventions to combat resistance. The Lancet. 387(10015), 285-295.

[18] Bürgmann, H., Frigon, D., H Gaze, W., et al., 2018. Water and sanitation: an essential battlefront in the war on antimicrobial resistance. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 94(9), fiy101.

[19] Hayward, C., Ross, K.E., Brown, M.H., et al., 2020. Water as a Source of Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections. Pathogens. 9(8), 667.

[20] Mazińska, B., Strużycka, I., Hryniewicz, W., 2017. Surveys of public knowledge and attitudes with regard to antibiotics in Poland: Did the European Antibiotic Awareness Day campaigns change attitudes? PloS One. 12(2), e0172146.

[21] World Health Organization, 2020. Global Action Plan On AMR. Available at: <https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/global-action-plan/en/> (Accessed 4 December 2020).

[22] Kamata, K., Tokuda, Y., Gu, Y., et al., 2018. Public knowledge and perception about antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in Japan: A national questionnaire survey in 2017. PLoS One. 13(11), e0207017.

[23] Carter, R.R., Sun, J., Jump, R.L., 2016. A survey and analysis of the American public’s perceptions and knowledge about antibiotic resistance. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press. 3(3).

[24] Vallin, M., Polyzoi, M., Marrone, G., et al., 2016. Knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use and resistance-a latent class analysis of a Swedish population-based sample. PloS One. 11(4), e0152160.

[25] Chukwu, E.E., Oladele, D.A., Awoderu, O.B., et al., 2020. A national survey of public awareness of antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 9, 1-10.

[26] Roope, L.S., Smith, R.D., Pouwels, K.B., et al., 2019. The challenge of antimicrobial resistance: what economics can contribute. Science. 364(6435).

Downloads

Issue

Article Type

Articles