Physical Characteristics of Functional Indigenous Farm-made Feeds Using Crude or Gelatinized Tapioca Starch as Sources of Energy

Authors

  • Omosowone O. O. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jfsr.v4i1.4369

Abstract

The experiment compared the physical characteristics of aqua feed with crude or gelatinized tapioca starch as sources of energy. The bulk density (BD), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), pellet durability index (PDI) and water stability (WS) were measured in both experimental diets. The results showed significant variations (p<0.05) in BD and WAI in diet with crude tapioca starch while non-significant variations (p>0.05) were recorded for WSI and WS in both diets. The higher BD of a diet, the better its ability in resisting external forces that can cause disintegration. A high BD also reduces ability to the feed material shrinking, thereby preventing loss to feed dust and fines. The results of WSI, WS and PDI of diets denotes that both pellets were water stable and could spend about same time in water but diet with gelatinized starch had a better water absorption index and pellet durability index. Furthermore, proximate composition of diets showed that diets with gelatinized starch had low moisture (9.04%), low fibre (5.24%), and higher ash (13.61%) and lipid (9.64%) contents. It can be concluded from this experiment that diets with gelatinized starch stands the chance of being a better functional feed for small-scale fish farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Keywords:

Physical properties, Tapioca, Indigenous, Farm-made

References

[1] FAO, 2013. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. pp. 114.

[2] FAO, 2018. State of world fisheries and Aquaculture.Meeting the sustainable development goals. Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations, Rome. pp. 227.

[3] US Grains Council, 2008. Use of DDGS in aquaculture diets. DDGS User Handbook. Available online at %20DDGS%20in%20Aquaculture%20Diets.pdf.

[4] ECOCROP, 2011. Ecocrop database. FAO, Rome. www.feedipedia.org/node/5368

[5] Kuiper, L., Ekmecki, B., Hamelink, C., et al., 2007. Bio-ethanol from cassava. Utrecht, The Netherlands. pp. 1-44.

[6] Lebot, V., 2009. Tropical root and tuber crops: cassava, sweet potato, yams and aroids. Crop Production Science in Horticulture (17), CAB books. Wallingford, UK. pp. 413.

[7] Oresegun, A., Alegbeleye, W.O., 2002. Serum and tissue thiocyanate concentration in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed cassava peel based diets supplemented with DL-Methionine. J. Aqua. Trop.

[8] (2), 93-100.

[9] Nwoke, F.I., Lynam, J.K., Spencer, D.S.C., 2002. The cassava transformation: Africa’s best kept secret. Michigan State University Press, USA. pp. 7-206.

[10] Montagnac, J.A., Davis, C.R., Tanumihardjo, S.A.,2009. Nutritional value of cassava for use as a staple food and recent advances for improvement. Comp. Rev. Food Sci.&Food Safety.(8),181-194.

[11] Dafour, D., O’Brien, G.M., Best, R., 2002. Cassava flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development. International Centre for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT), Colombia. pp. 133-142.

[12] Svihus, B., 2014. Nutritive and digestive effects of starch and fibre in whole wheat, wheat and rice in disease prevention and health: Benefits, risks and mechanisms of whole grains in health promotion. pp.81.

[13] Peres, H., Oliva-Teles, A., 2002. Utilization of raw and gelatinized starch by European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aqua. 205(3), 287-299.

[14] United States-Canadian Tables of Feed Composition, 1982. Nutritional Data for United States and Canadian Feeds, third revision. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. pp. 148.

[15] Aas, T., Krutzimanig, H.I., Austreng, E., 2011. Fish silage for salmonids: a cheap way of utilizing waste as feed. Feedstuffs. 53, 22-24.

[16] Okaka, J.E., Potter, N.N., 1979. Physicochemical and functional properties of soyabean powders processed to reduce flavour. J. Food Sci. 44, 1235-1240.

[17] AOAC, 2010. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Method of Analysis of AOAC, W. Horwitz Editor 18th edition, Washington. pp. 322.

[18] Yasutoyo, N., 1990. Fish Feed Technology. UNDP/FAO Project THA/89/003. pp. 22.

[19] Daramola, E.O., Osayinlusi, J.A., 2006. Nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes: A case study of a cassava starch processing factory in south-western Nigeria. Livestock Res. for Rural Dev. 22, 213.

[20] Ross, L.G.,1985. Environmental physiology and energetic, pp.89-128, In: M.C.M. Beveridge, B.J. Ihekoronye, Ngoddy P.O. Integrated Food Science and Technology for the Tropics. 1st edn. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London and Basingstaoke. pp. 302.

[21] Jauncey, K., 2000. Nutritional requirements. In: Beveridge, M.C.M. and Mc Andrew, B.J. (eds), Tilapias: Biology and exploitation. Fish and Fisheries Series 25, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, UK. pp. 327-376.

[22] Colonna, P., Tayeb, J., Mercier, C., 1989. Extrusion cooking of starch and starchy products, In: Mercier C. Linko P. Harper J. (Eds.), Extrusion cooking, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota. pp. 247-319.

[23] Umar, S., Kamarudin, M.S., Ramezani-Fard, E.,2013. Physical properties of extruded aquafeed with a combination of sago and tapioca starches at different moisture contents. Animal feed Sci. & Tech. 183,51-55.

[24] Sriburi, S.H., Dong, F.M., Rathebone, C.K., et al.,1999. Apparent protein digestibility and mineral availability in various feed ingredients for salmonid feeds. Aqua. 159, 177-202.

[25] Badrie, N., Mellows, W.A., 1991. Effect of extrusion variables on cassava extrudates. J. Food Sci. 56, 1334-1337.

[26] Mason, W.R., Hoseney, R.C. 1986. Factors affecting the viscosity of extrusion cooked wheat starch. Cereal Chem. 63, 436-441.

[27] Kirby, A.R., Ollett, A.L., Parker, R., et al., 1988. An experimental study of screw configuration effects in the twin screw extrusion-cooking of maize grits. J. Food Eng. 8, 247-272.

[28] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(88)90016-7.

[29] Solomon, S.G., Ataguba, G.A., Abeje, A., 2011. Water stability and floatation test of fish pellets using local starch sources and yeast (Saccahromyces cerevisae). Int. J. Latest Trends in Agric. Food Sci. 1(1), 1-5.

[30] Guha, F.J., Walter, G.G., Danlot, H.Y., 1997. In: Extrusion Cooking: Technologies and Applications. Edited by Guy, R., Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK, 2001, ISBN 1-85573-559-8.

[31] Ahamad, S.A., Gopal, C., Ramana, J.V., et al., 2005. Effect of different sources of starch and guar gum on aqua stability of shrimp feed pellets. Ind. J. Fish. 52(3), 301-305.

[32] Jayaram, M.G., Shetty, H.P.C., 1981. Formulation, processing and water stability of two new pelleted fish feeds. Aqua. 23, 355-359.

[33] Orire, A.M., Sadiku S.O., Tiamiyu, L.O., 2010. Evaluation of yam starch (Discorea rotundata) as aquatic feed binder. Pakistan J. Nut. 9(7), 668-671.

[34] Winowiski, T., 1995. Pellet quality in animal feeds. ASA Technical Bulletin Vol. FT21.

[35] Marcus, K., Rollins, D., 2007. Feed physical quality: Technical information for the Broiler industry. Poultry Nutri. pp. 1-8.

Downloads

Issue

Vol. 4 , Iss. 1 (March 2022)

Article Type

Articles

License

Copyright and Licensing

The authors shall retain the copyright of their work but allow the Publisher to publish, copy, distribute, and convey the work.

Journal of Fisheries Science publishes accepted manuscripts under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Authors who submit their papers for publication by Journal of Fisheries Science agree to have the CC BY-NC 4.0 license applied to their work, and that anyone is allowed to reuse the article or part of it free of charge for non-commercial use. As long as you follow the license terms and original source is properly cited, anyone may copy, redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material.

License Policy for Reuse of Third-Party Materials

If a manuscript submitted to the journal contains the materials which are held in copyright by a third-party, authors are responsible for obtaining permissions from the copyright holder to reuse or republish any previously published figures, illustrations, charts, tables, photographs, and text excerpts, etc. When submitting a manuscript, official written proof of permission must be provided and clearly stated in the cover letter.
The editorial office of the journal has the right to reject/retract articles that reuse third-party materials without permission.

Journal Policies on Data Sharing

We encourage authors to share articles published in our journal to other data platforms, but only if it is noted that it has been published in this journal.