Reassessing Groundwater Potentials and Subsurface water Hydrochemistry in a Tropical Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria

Authors

  • Saadu Umar Wali Department of Geography, Federal University Birnin kebbi, P.M.B 1157. Kebbi State, Nigeria
  • Ibrahim Mustapha Dankani Department of Geography, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, P.M.B. 2346. Sokoto State, Nigeria.
  • Sheikh Danjuma Abubakar Department of Geography, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, P.M.B. 2346. Sokoto State, Nigeria.
  • Murtala Abubakar Gada Department of Geography, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, P.M.B. 2346. Sokoto State, Nigeria.
  • Kabiru Jega Umar Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Birnin kebbi, P.M.B 1157. Kebbi State, Nigeria
  • Abdulqadir Abubakar Usman Department of Geography, Federal University Birnin kebbi, P.M.B 1157. Kebbi State, Nigeria
  • Ibrahim Mohammad Shera Department of Geography, Federal University Birnin kebbi, P.M.B 1157. Kebbi State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v2i3.2141

Abstract

This review presented a detailed re-assessment of the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the Tropical Anambra Basin. It identified and discussed the major geological formations and their groundwater potentials. The geological examination showed that the Ajali Formation is confined in places forming an artesian condition; the potentials of this aquifer decline in the western basin due to a decrease in thickness. The sandstone associates of the Nsukka Formation are aquiferous and have produced high-pressure artesian boreholes along the Oji River. The Imo Shale is characterized by permeability stability all over much of the intermediate unit. The Bende-Ameki aquifer has a lesser amount of groundwater when equated to other formations; the geologic characteristics do not produce favorable hydrogeological conditions for groundwater occurrence. The stratigraphical and structural framework suggested the presence of an efficient throughflow in the basin. Based on physical and chemical parameters of water quality, the basin holds water of acceptable quality. While there are considerable investigations on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry, studies are short of analysis of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater, water quality index, heavy metals pollution index as well as total hazard quotient. Suitability of groundwater based on agricultural water quality indices (e.g. SAR) is also salient. Therefore, future studies should address these owing to increasing dependence on groundwater.

Keywords:

Geological formations, Groundwater hydrochemistry, Ajali formation, Ameki formation, Imo shale

References

[1] Bond, P. Basic infrastructure for socio-economic development, environmental protection and geographical desegregation: South Africa's unmet challenge. Geoforum, 1998, 30: 43-59.

[2] Scherr, S.J. A downward spiral? Research evidence on the relationship between poverty and natural resource degradation. Food Policy, 2000, 25: 479-498.

[3] Knüppe, K. The challenges facing sustainable and adaptive groundwater management in South Africa. Water South Africa, 2011, 37(1): 67-80.

[4] Falkenmark, M. The Greatest Water Problem: The Inability to Link Environmental Security, Water Security and Food Security. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2010, 17(4): 539-554.

[5] Albert, J.S., et al. Scientists' warning to humanity on the freshwater biodiversity crisis. Ambio, 2020: 1-10.

[6] Aniefiok, E.I., et al. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contamination of Surface Water and Groundwater in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Journal of Environment Pollution and Human Health, 2018, 6(2): 51-61.

[7] Anandhi, A., N. Kannan. Vulnerability assessment of water resources - Translating a theoretical concept to an operational framework using systems thinking approach in a changing climate: Case study in Ogallala Aquifer. Journal of Hydrology, 2018, 557: 460-474.

[8] Lee, E., et al. Assessment of transboundary aquifer resources in Asia: Status and progress towards sustainable groundwater management. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 2018, 20: 103-115.

[9] Singh, L.K., M.K. Jha, V.M. Chowdary, Assessing the accuracy of GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis approaches for mapping groundwater potential. Ecological Indicators, 2018, 91:24-37.

[10] Preeja, K.R., et al. Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones of a Tropical River Basin (Kerala, India) Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 2011, 39(1): 83-94.

[11] Döll, P., et al. Impact of water withdrawals from groundwater and surface water on continental water storage variations. Journal of Geodynamics, 2012, 59-60: 143-156.

[12] Konikow, L.F. Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38(17): 1-5.

[13] Singh, et al. Analysis of Drivers of Trends in Groundwater Levels Under Rice-Wheat Ecosystem in Haryana, India. Natural Resources Research, 2019, 29(2): 1101-1126.

[14] Wada, Y., D. Wisser, M.F.P. Bierkens. Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources. Earth System Dynamics, 2014. 5(1):15-40.

[15] Wang, P., et al. Shallow groundwater dynamics and its driving forces in extremely arid areas: a case study of the lower Heihe River in northwestern China. Hydrological Processes, 2014. 28(3): 1539-1553.

[16] Ayenew, T., M. Demlie, S. Wohnlich. Hydrogeo logical framework and occurrence of groundwater in the Ethiopian aquifers. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2008, 52(3): 97-113.

[17] Carrillo-Rivera, J.J., et al. Tracing Groundwater Flow Systems with Hydrogeochemistry in Contrasting Geological Environments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2007, 184(1-4): 77-103.

[18] Mukherjee, A., A.E. Fryar, P.D. Howell. Regional hydrostratigraphy and groundwater flow modeling in the arsenic-affected areas of the western Bengal basin, West Bengal, India. Hydrogeology Journal, 2007. 15(7): 1397-1418.

[19] Egbi, C.D., et al. Evaluation of water quality using hydrochemistry, stable isotopes, and water quality indices in the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2018, 21(6): 3033-3063.

[20] Folch, A., et al. Groundwater development effects on different scale hydrogeological systems using head, hydrochemical and isotopic data and implications for water resources management: The Sel va basin (NE Spain). Journal of Hydrology, 2011, 403(1-2): 83-102.

[21] Hussein, M. Hydrochemical evaluation of ground water in the Blue Nile Basin, eastern Sudan, using conventional and multivariate techniques. Hydroge ology Journal, 2004, 12: 144-158.

[22] Kalaivanan, K., et al. Spatial assessment of ground water quality using water quality index and hydro chemical indices in the Kodavanar sub-basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Sustainable Water Resources Manage ment, 2017, 4(3): 627-641.

[23] Kshetrimayum, K.S., P. Laishram. Assessment of surface water and groundwater interaction using hydrogeology, hydrochemical and isotopic constit uents in the Imphal river basin, Northeast India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 2020, 11: 100391.

[24] Love, A.J., et al. A Reappraisal of the Hydrogeology of the Western Margin of the Great Artesian Basin: Chemistry, Isotopes, and Groundwater Flow. Proce dia Earth and Planetary Science, 2017, 17: 428-431.

[25] Miche, H., et al. Hydrochemical constraints between the karst Tabular Middle Atlas Causses and the Saïs basin (Morocco): implications of groundwater cir culation. Hydrogeology Journal, 2017. 26(1): 71-87.

[26] Moya, C.E., et al. Using environmental isotopes and dissolved methane concentrations to constrain hydrochemical processes and inter-aquifer mixing in the Galilee and Eromanga Basins, Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Journal of Hydrology, 2016, 539: 304-318.

[27] Pandey, S., et al. Inter-aquifer connectivity between Australia’s Great Artesian Basin and the overlying Condamine Alluvium: an assessment and its implications for the basin’s groundwater management. Hydrogeology Journal, 2019, 28(1): 125-146.

[28] Ravikumar, P. and R.K. Somashekar, Principal com ponent analysis and hydrochemical facies charac terization to evaluate groundwater quality in Varahi river basin, Karnataka state, India. Applied Water Science, 2015, 7(2): 745-755.

[29] Rosenthal, E., et al., Natural processes determining the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the Yarmouk Basin. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2020, 79(71): 1-16.

[30] Subyani, A.M., Hydrochemical identification and salinity problem of ground-water in Wadi Yalamlam basin, Western Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments, 2005, 60(1): 53-66.

[31] Yidana, S.M., et al. Evolutionary analysis of groundwater flow: Application of multivariate statistical analysis to hydrochemical data in the Densu Basin, Ghana. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2018. 138: 167-176.

[32] Yidana, S.M., et al. The geological and hydrogeological framework of the Panabako, Kodjari, and Bimbilla formations of the Voltaian supergroup -Revelations from groundwater hydrochemical data. Applied Geochemistry, 2020, 115: 104533.

[33] Yidana, S.M., D. Ophori, B. Banoeng-Yakubo. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of the Voltaian Basin: the Afram Plains area, Ghana. Environmental Geology, 2007. 53(6): 1213-1223.

[34] Bondu, R., et al. A Review and Evaluation of the Impacts of Climate Change on Geogenic Arsenic in Groundwater from Fractured Bedrock Aquifers. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2016, 227(296): 1-14.

[35] Elshehawi, S., et al. Natural Isotopes Identify Changes in Groundwater Flows Affecting Wetland Vegetation in the Drentsche Aa Brook Valley, The Netherlands. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 2019, 20(3): 112-125.

[36] Green, T.R., et al. Beneath the surface of global change: Impacts of climate change on roundwater. Journal of Hydrology, 2011, 405(3-4): 532-560.

[37] Kløve, B., et al., Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems. Journal of Hydrology, 2014, 518: 250-266.

[38] Lasagna, M., S. Mancini, D.A. De Luca. Ground water hydrodynamic behaviors based on water table levels to identify natural and anthropic controlling factors in the Piedmont Plain (Italy). Sci Total Environ, 2020, 716: 137051.

[39] Van Roosmalen, L., T.O. Sonnenborg, K.H. Jensen. Impact of climate and land use change on the hydrology of a large-scale agricultural catchment. Water Resources Research, 2009, 45(7): 1-18

[40] Edegbai, A.J., L. Schwark, F.E. Oboh-Ikuenobe. A review of the latest Cenomanian to Maastrichtian geological evolution of Nigeria and its stratigraphic and paleogeographic implications. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2019, 150: 823-837.

[41] Rahaman, M.A.O., et al. A revised stratigraphy of the Bida Basin, Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2019. 151: 67-81.

[42] Dim, C.I.P., et al. Petroleum system elements within the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene sediments of Nigeria's inland basins: An integrated sequence stratigraphic approach. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2017. 130: 76-86.

[43] Ola-Buraimo, A.O., Y. Abdulganiyu, Palynology, and stratigraphy of the Upper Miocene Chad Formation, Bornu Basin, northeastern Nigeria. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2017, 6(2): 108-116.

[44] Umar, B.A., et al. Preliminary structural and strati graphic assessment of an onshore field for CO2 re-injection in the Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2019. 69: 102919.

[45] Offodile, M.E. Groundwater study and development in Nigeria. Mecon Geological and Engineering, Ltd Ehinder O, 2nd Edition, Jos, Nigeria. 2002: 453.

[46] Omonona, O.V., B.C. Ozobialu, C.O. Okogbue. Groundwater resources of Nanka Sands aquifers around Nanka-Oko Area, Southeastern Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2017, 23(1): 87-105.

[47] Egbunike, M.E. Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Groundwater Resources in Umunya and Environs of the Anambra Basin, Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 2018, 19(1): 351-366.

[48] Ifediegwu, I.S., C.F. Onyeabor, C.M. Nnamani. Geochemical evaluation of carbonate aquifers in Ngbo and environs, Ebonyi State, southeastern, Nigeria. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 2019, 5(4): 1893-1909.

[49] Ekere, N.R., et al. Hydrochemistry and Water Quality Index of groundwater resources in Enugu north district, Enugu, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess, 2019, 191(3): 150.

[50] Osele, C., et al. Application of vertical electrical sounding (VES) for groundwater exploration in Onitsha and environs, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 2016, 4(1): 1-7.

[51] Ojo, O.J., et al. Depositional Environments, Organic Richness, and Petroleum Generating Potential of the Campanian to Maastrichtian Enugu Formation, Anambra Basin, Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 2009, 10(1): 614-628.

[52] Ogala, J.E., A.O. Ola-Buraimo, I.M. Akaegbobi. Palynological and Palaeoenvironmental Study of the Middle-Upper Maastrichtian Mamu Coal Facies in Anambra Basin, Nigeria. World Applied Sciences Journal, 2009. 7(12): 1566-1575.

[53] Egbunike, M.E. Hydrogeochemical Analysis of Water Samples in Nando and Environs of the Anambra Basin of South Eastern Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 2007, 8(1): 32-35.

[54] Tijani, M.N., M.E. Nton, Hydraulic, textural and geochemical characteristics of the Ajali Formation, Anambra Basin, Nigeria: implication for ground water quality. Environmental Geology, 2009, 56(5): 935-951.

[55] Edet, A., et al. Groundwater chemistry and quality of Nigeria: A status review. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2011, 5(13): 1152-1169.

[56] Mode, W.A., K.M. Onuoha. Organic matter evaluation of the Nkporo Shale, Anambra Basin from wireline logs. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2001, 7(1): 103-109.

[57] Didei, I.S., G.C. Soronnadi-Ononiwu. Evaluation of hydrocarbon potentials of Campanian source rocks of Nkporo Shale (Mgbom Section), Afikpo Basin, South Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Engineering, 2018, 1: 1-7.

[58] Odigi, M.I. Sedimentology of the Nkporo Campan ian-Maastrichtian Conglomeratic Formation, Afikpo Sub-basin, Southeastern Benue Trough, Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, 2012, 48(1): 45-55.

[59] Edet, J.J., E.E. Nyong. Palynostratigraphy of NkpO ro Shale exposures (late Campanian-Maastrichtian) on the Calabar Flank, SE Nigeria. Review of Palae obotany and Palynology, 1994, 80: 131-147.

[60] Mode, W.A. Assemblage age and Paleoenvironment of Nkporo Shale, Akanu area, Ohafia, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, 1991, 27(1): 107-114.

[61] Umeji, O.P.. Palynostratigraphy sequence stratigraphy and Palaeoecology of Campanian-Maastrichtian Nkporo Group in Afikpo-4well, Afikpo Syncline, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, 2010, 46(1): 93-112.

[62] Okoro, A.U., E.O. Igwe. Lithostratigraphic characterization of the Upper Campanian -aastrichtian succession in the Afikpo Sub-basin, southern Anam bra Basin, Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2018, 147: 178-189.

[63] Onyekuru, S.O., G.I. Nwankwor, C.Z. Akaolisa. Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Systems in the Southern Anambra Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2010. 6(12): 2164-2172.

[64] Tijani, M.N., M.E. Nton, R. Kitagawa, Textural and geochemical characteristics of the Ajali Sandstone, Anambra Basin, SE Nigeria: Implication for its provenance. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2010, 342(2): 136-150.

[65] Olabode, S.O. Soft sediment deformation structures in the Maastrichtian Ajali Formation Western Flank of Anambra Basin, Southern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2014, 89: 16-30.

[66] Agbo, C.C., M.U. Uzoegbu, Lithostratigraphy, and reservoir quality of the Ajali Sandstone At Udi, Anambra Basin, SE Nigeria. International Journal of Research Publications, 2018, 5(2): 1-14.

[67] Odumoso, S.E., I.N. Oloto, A.O. Omoboriowo, Sedimentological and depositional environment of the Mid-Maastritchtian Ajali Sandstone, Anambra Basin, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology, 2013, 3(1): 26-33.

[68] Lukman, A.M., et al. Sedimentology and Depositional Environment of the Mid-Maastritchtian Ajali Sandstone inIdah and Environs, Northern Anambra Basin, Northcentral Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 2018, 6(1): 38-51.

[69] Ezim, E.O., I.I. Obiadi, M.I. Akaegbobi, The use of statistical grain-size method in analyzing borehole and evaluating aquifer parameters. A case study of Ajali Sandstone formation, southeastern Nigeria. Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2017, 15(1): 77.

[70] Mode, A.W., C.F.R. Odumodu. Lithofacies and ichnology of the Late Maastrichtian-Danian Nsuk ka Formation in the Okigwe area, Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Geosci ences, 2014, 8(9): 7455-7466.

[71] Umeji, O.P., C.S. Nwajide. Designation Of The Standard Stratotype And Age Of Nsukka Formation Of Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, 2008, 43(2):147-166.

[72] Uzoegbu, U.M. Lithostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian Nsukka Formation in the Anambra Basin, S.E Nigeria. IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology, and Food Technology, 2013, 5(5): 96-102.

[73] Uzoije, A.P., et al. Hydrogeology Of Nsukka Southeast - A Preliminary Approach To Water Resources Development. American Journal of Engineering Research, 2014, 3(1): 150-162.

[74] Ijeh, I., N. Onu. Appraisal of the aquifer hydraulic characteristics from electrical sounding data in Imo River Basin, South Eastern Nigeria: The Case of Imo shale and Ameki Formations. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2012, 2(2): 61-77.

[75] Adesina, A.M., A.V. Adeola, A.O. Oke. Aspects of hydrocarbon potential of the Tertiary Imo Shale Formation in Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 2017, 5(5): 74-83.

[76] Ekwenye, O.C., et al. A paleogeographic model for the sandstone members of the Imo Shale, south-eastern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2014, 96: 190-211.

[77] Ijeh, I.B., I.E. Udoinyang, Assessment of the Groundwater Quality in Parts of Imo River Basin, Southeastern Nigeria: The Case of Imo Shale and Ameki Formations. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2013, 05(07): 715-722.

[78] Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., C.G. Obi, C.A. Jaramillo. Lithofacies, palynofacies, and sequence stratigraphy of Palaeogene strata in Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2005, 41(1-2): 79-101.

[79] Uma, K.O., K.M. Onuoha. Hydrodynamic flow and formation pressures in the Anambra basin, southern Nigeria. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2009, 42(2): 141-154.

[80] Odunze, O.S., S.G.C. Obi. Sequence stratigraphic framework of the Imo Formation in the Southern Benue Trough. Journal of Mining and Geology, 2011, 47(2): 135-146.

[81] Nwosu, L.I., A.S. Ekine, C.N. Nwankwo. Evaluation of groundwater potential from pumping test analysis and vertical electrical sounding results: Case Study of Okigwe District of Imo State Nigeria. The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 2013, 14(1): 536-548.

[82] Nwankwo, C., L. Nwosu, G. Emujakporue. Determination of Dar Zarouk parameters for the as sessment of groundwater resources potential: Case Study of Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2011,2(8): 57-71.

[83] Cemil, B.C., et al. Does the corticotropin-releasing hormone system play a role in the pathogenesis of lichen planus? Postepy Dermatol Alergol, 2017, 34(4): 322-327.

[84] Chiaghanam, O.I., et al. Source Rock Potential and Thermal Maturity of the Eocene Nanka Formation (Ameki Group) In Anambra Basin: An Appraisal of Ogbunike Reference Locality, South Eastern Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics, 2014, 2(3): 11-17.

[85] Okoro, E.I., B.C.E. Egboka, A.G. Onwuemesi. Evaluation of the aquifer characteristic of Nanka Sands using hydrogeological method in combination with Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2010, 14(2): 5-9.

[86] Olajubaje, T.A., et al. Depositional Environments and Geochemical Assessments of the Bende Ameki Formation Potential as Petroleum Source Rocks in the Ogbunike Quarry, South-Eastern Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 2018, 14(27): 157.

[87] ]Igboekwe, M.U., C.N. Nwankwo. Geostatistical Correlation of Aquifer Potentials in Abia State, South-Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Geosciences, 2011, 02(04): 541-548.

[88] Salufu, S.O., O. Ujuanbi. The geology and structural geology of Ekpoma And Irrua: Implication for the hydrology and hydrogeologic setting of the areas. Nigerian Annals of Natural Sciences, 2015, 15(1): 131 -138.

[89] Akande, S.O., et al. Source rock potential of lignite and interbedded coaly shale of the Ogwashi-Asaba Formation, Anambra basin as determined by sequential hydrous pyrolysis. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2015, 150-151: 224-237.

[90] Ekwe, A.C., N.N. Onu, K.M. Onuoha. Estimation of aquifer hydraulic characteristics from electrical sounding data: the case of middle Imo River basin aquifers, southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Spatial Hydrology, 2006, 6(2): 121-132.

[91] Adediran, S.A., O.S. Adegoke, I.O. Oshin. The Continental sediments of the Nigerian Coastal Basins. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 1991, 12(1/2): 79-84.

[92] Ogala, J.E. The geochemistry of lignite from the Neogene Ogwashi-Asaba Formation, Niger Delta Basin, southern Nigeria. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 2012, 16(2): 151 - 164.

[93] Ibe Sr, K.M., G.I. Wankwor, S.O. Nyekuru. Groundwater pollution vulnerability and groundwater protection strategy for the Owerri area, southeastern Nigeria. Water Resources Systems-Water Availability and Global Change (Proceedings of symposium I IS02a held during 1UGG2003 al Sapporo, July 2003). IAHS Publ., 2003, 280: 184-194.

[94] Ehirim, C.N., J.O. Ebeniro. 2-D resistivity imaging applied in groundwater exploration in Awka, Se Nigeria. Archives of Physics Research, 2010, 1(2): 37-45.

[95] Daniel, A., et al. Delineation of potential groundwater zones using geoelectrical sounding data at Awka in Anambra State, South-eastern Nigeria. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 2015, 3(1): 1-5.

[96] Chukwuma, E.C., et al. Geo-electric groundwater vulnerability assessment of overburden aquifers at Awka in Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria. European Journal of Biotechnology and Bioscience, 2015, 3(1): 29-34.

[97] Egbueri, J.C. Assessment of the quality of ground waters proximal to dumpsites in Awka and Nnewi metropolises: a comparative approach. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources,2018, 2(1-4): 33-48.

[98] Nwankwor, G.I., B.C. Egboka, I.P. Orajaka. Groundwater occurrence and flow pattern in the Enugu coal-mine area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 1988, 33(5): 465-482.

[99] WHO. Guidelines for drinkingwater quality:Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.World Health Organization Geneva. 2018: 631.

[100] Douglas, S.N., N.C. James. Postmoult uptake of calcium by the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in water of low salinity. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1992, 171: 283-299.

[101] Boyd, C.E. Concentrations of major ions in waters of inland shrimp farms in China, Ecuador, Thailand, and the United States. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2003, 34(4): 524-532.

[102] Hamzaoui-Azaza, F., et al. An integrated statistical methods and modelling mineral-water interaction to identifying hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater in Southern Tunisia. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 2015, 25(3): 165-178.

[103] Mondal, N.C., et al. Determining the interaction between groundwater and saline water through groundwater major ions chemistry. Journal of Hydrology, 2010., 388(1-2): 100-111.

[104] Borrok, D.M., et al. The origins of high concentrations of iron, sodium, bicarbonate, and arsenic in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Aquifer. Applied Geochemistry, 2018, 98: 383-392.

[105] WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: First Addendum to Third Edition Recommendations. World Health Organization Geneva, 2006, 1: 595.

[106] Fathy, A.A., S. Traugott. Hydrochemistry of surface water and groundwater from a fractured car bonate aquifer in the Helwan area, Egypt. Journal Earth System Science, 2012, 121(1): 109-124.

[107] Lo, I.M., C.S. Lam, K.C. Lai. Hardness and car bonate effects on the reactivity of zero-valent iron for Cr(VI) removal. Water Res, 2006, 40(3): 595-605.

[108] Bjorklund, G., et al. High Content of Lead Is Associated with the Softness of Drinking Water and Raised Cardiovascular Morbidity: A Review. BiolTrace Elem Res, 2018, 186(2): 384-394.

[109] Catling, L.A., et al. A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness. J Water Health, 2008, 6(4): 433-42.

[110] Crawford, M.D. Hardness of drinking-water and cardiovascular disease. Proc Nutr Soc, 1972, 31(3):347-53.

[111] Hsu, C.L., et al. Cardiovascular protection of deep-seawater drinking water in high-fat/cholesterol-fed hamsters. Food Chem, 2011, 127(3): 1146-52.

[112] Lake, I.R., et al. Effect of water hardness on cardiovascular mortality: an ecological time-series approach. J Public Health (Oxf), 2010, 32(4): 479-87.

[113] Rosanoff, A. The high heart health value of drinking-water magnesium. Med Hypotheses, 2013, 81(6): 1063-5.

[114] Rylander, R., H. Bonevik, E. Rubenowitz. Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and cardio vascular mortality. Scand J Work Environ Health,1991, 17(2): 91-4.

[115] EPA. Parameters of water quality: Interpretation and Standards. An Ghniomhaireacht um Chaomhnu Comhshaoil. Ireland, 2001, 132.

[116] Gomes, P.M., et al. Chronic high-sodium diet in take after weaning lead to neurogenic hypertension in adult Wistar rats. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1): 5655.

[117] Rondon, L.J., et al. Blood pressure, magnesium and other mineral balance in two rat models of salt-sensitive, induced hypertension: effects of a non-peptide angiotensin II receptor type 1 antago nist. Magnes Res, 2014, 27(3): 113-30.

[118] Scheelbeek, P.F., et al. Drinking Water Sodium and Elevated Blood Pressure of Healthy Pregnant Women in Salinity-Affected Coastal Areas. Hypertension, 2016, 68(2): 464-70.

[119] Talukder, M.R., et al. Drinking water salinity and risk of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Environ Occup Health, 2017, 72(3): 126-138.

[120] Kikuchi, M., et al. Changes in aquatic toxicity of potassium dichromate as a function of water quality parameters. Chemosphere, 2017, 170: 113-117.

[121] Reboleira, A.S.P.S., et al. Acute Toxicity of Copper Sulfate and Potassium Dichromate on Stygobiont Proasellus: General Aspects of Groundwater Eco toxicology and Future Perspectives.Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2013, 224(1550): 1-9.

[122] WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.Third Edition Incorporating The First And Second Addenda: Recommendations. World Health Organization Geneva, 2008, 1: 668.

[123] Duru, C.E., M.C. Enedoh, I.A. Duru. Physicochem ical Assessment of Borehole Water in a Reclaimed Section of Nekede Mechanic Village, Imo State, Nigeria. Chemistry Africa, 2019, 2(4): 689-698.

[124] Ali, H., E. Khan. Bioaccumulation of Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in the Economically Important Freshwater Fish Schizothorax plagiostomus from Three Rivers of Malakand Division, Pakistan: Risk Assessment for Human Health. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2019, 102(1): 77-83.

[125] Blewett, T.A., E.M. Leonard. Mechanisms of nickel toxicity to fish and invertebrates in marine and estuarine waters. Environ Pollut, 2017, 223: 311-322.

[126] Plavan, G., et al. Toxic metals in tissues of fishes from the Black Sea and associated human health risk exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017, 24(8): 7776-7787.

[127] Oghenenyoreme, E.M., O.B. Njoku. Physicochemical analysis of water resources in selected part of Oji River and its Environs, Enugu State Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 2014, 10(1): 171-178.

[128] Aniebone, V.O. Hydrogeochemistry, and quality assessment of some groundwater samples from Enugu and environs, south-eastern, Nigeria. Global Journal of Geological Sciences, 2015, 13(1): 15.

[129] Borrelli, N., et al. Biogenic silica in wetlands and their relationship with soil and groundwater bio geochemistry in the Southeastern of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2011, 65(2): 469-480.

[130] Peters, N.E., D.A. Burns, B.T. Aulenbach, Evaluation of High-Frequency Mean Streamwater Tran sit-Time Estimates Using Groundwater Age and Dissolved Silica Concentrations in a Small Forested Watershed. Aquatic Geochemistry, 2013, 20(2-3): 183-202.

[131] Pradeep, K., et al. A study on variation in dissolved silica concentration in groundwater of hard rock aquifers in Southeast coast of India. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, 121: 012008.

[132] Bradley, P.M., et al. Shallow groundwater mercury supply in a Coastal Plain stream. Environ Sci Tech nol, 2012, 46(14): 7503-11.

[133] Loredo, J., et al. Surface water monitoring in the mercury mining district of Asturias (Spain). J Hazard Mater, 2010, 176(1-3): 323-32.

[134] Song, Z., et al. Environmental mercury pollution by an abandoned Chlor-alkali plant in Southwest China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2018, 194: 81-87.

[135] Wu, G.H., S.S. Cao. Mercury and cadmium contamination of irrigation water, sediment, soil and shallow groundwater in a wastewater-irrigated field in Tianjin, China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,2010, 84(3): 336-41.

[136] Sarvestani, R.A., M. Aghasi. Health risk assessment of heavy metals exposure (lead, cadmium,and copper) through drinking water consumption in Kerman city, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2019, 78(714): 1-11.

[137] Harvey, P.J., H.K. Handley, M.P. Taylor. Widespread copper and lead contamination of household drinking water, New South Wales, Australia. Environ Res, 2016, 151: 275-285.

[138] Huang, X., et al. Crude oil contamination of plastic and copper drinking water pipes. J Hazard Mater, 2017, 339: 385-394.

[139] Zhang, M., et al. Co-selection of antibiotic resistance via copper shock loading on bacteria from a drinking water bio-filter. Environ Pollut, 2018, 233:132-141.

[140] Chowdhury, S., et al. Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries. Science of The Total Environment, 2016, 569-570: 476-488.

[141] Izah, S.C., N. Chakrabarty, A.L. Srivastav. A Review on Heavy Metal Concentration in Potable Water Sources in Nigeria: Human Health Effects and Mitigating Measures. Exposure and Health, 2016, 8(2): 285-304.

[142] Taylor, A.A., et al. Critical Review of Exposure and Effects: Implications for Setting Regulatory Health Criteria for Ingested Copper. Environ Man age, 2020, 65(1): 131-159.

[143] Khozyem, H., et al. Distribution and origin of iron and manganese in groundwater: case study, Ba lat-Teneida area, El-Dakhla Basin, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2019, 12(523): 1-16.

[144] Palmucci, W., S. Rusi, D. Di Curzio. Mobilisation processes responsible for iron and manganese contamination of groundwater in Central Adriatic Italy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2016, 23(12): 11790-805.

[145] WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality: Fourth Edition. World Health Organization Geneva, 2011: 564.

[146] Batayneh, A.T., Toxic (aluminum, beryllium, boron, chromium and zinc) in groundwater: health risk assessment. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2011, 9(1): 153-162.

[147] Rajmohan, N., L. Elango. Distribution of iron, manganese, zinc, and atrazine in groundwater in parts of Palar and Cheyyar river basins, South India. Environ Monit Assess, 2005. 107(1-3): p. 115-31.

[148] Chitsazan, M., et al. Hydrochemical characteristics and the impact of anthropogenic activity on groundwater quality in suburban area of Urmia city, Iran. Environment, Development and Sustain ability, 2017, 21(1): 331-351.

[149] Hildenbrand, Z.L., et al. A reconnaissance analysis of groundwater quality in the Eagle Ford shale region reveals two distinct bromide/chloride populations. Sci Total Environ, 2017, 575: 672-680.

[150] Khazaei, E., W. Milne-Home. Applicability of geo chemical techniques and artificial sweeteners in discriminating the anthropogenic sources of chloride in shallow groundwater north of Toronto, Canada. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 2017, 189(5): 218.

[151] Vijay, R., P. Khobragade, P.K. Mohapatra. Assessment of groundwater quality in Puri City, India: an impact of anthropogenic activities. Environ Monit Assess, 2011, 177(1-4): 409-18.

[152] Chae, G.-T., et al. Hydrogeochemistry of sodium-bicarbonate type bedrock groundwater in the Pocheon Spa Area, South Korea: water-rock interaction and hydrologic mixing. Journal of Hydrology, 2006, 321(1-4): 326-343.

[153] Jaunat, J., et al. Combinations of geoenvironmental data underline coastal aquifer anthropogenic nitrate legacy through groundwater vulnerability mapping methods. Sci Total Environ, 2019, 658: 1390-1403.

[154] Liu, X., et al. Multi-scaled response of groundwater nitrate contamination to integrated anthropogenic activities in a rapidly urbanizing agricultural catchment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019, 26(34): 34931-34942.

[155] Re, V., et al. Integrated socio-hydrogeological approach to tackle nitrate contamination in ground water resources. The case of Grombalia Basin (Tunisia). Sci Total Environ, 2017, 593-594: 664-676.

[156] Wu, J., et al. Severe Nitrate Pollution and Health Risks of Coastal Aquifer Simultaneously Influenced by Saltwater Intrusion and Intensive Anthro pogenic Activities. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 2019, 77(1): 79-87.

[157] Amr, A., N. Hadidi. Effect of Cultivar and Harvest Date on Nitrate (NO3) and Nitrite (NO2) Content of Selected Vegetables Grown Under Open Field and Greenhouse Conditions in Jordan. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2001, 14(1): 59-67.

[158] Hord, N.G. Dietary nitrates, nitrites, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 2011,13(6): 484-92.

[159] Hsu, J., J. Arcot, L.N. Alice. Nitrate and nitrite quantification from cured meat and vegetables and their estimated dietary intake in Australians. Food Chemistry, 2009, 115(1): 334-339.

[160] Su, H., et al. Assessing Groundwater Quality and Health Risks of Nitrogen Pollution in the Shenfu Mining Area of Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. Exposure and Health, 2017, 10(2): 77-97.

[161] Wong, W.W., et al. Sources and fate of nitrate in a groundwater-fed estuary elucidated using stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and oxygen. Limnology and Oceanography, 2014, 59(5): 1493-1509.

[162] Ahmad, M., S. Chand, H.M. Rafique. Predicting the spatial distribution of sulfate concentration in groundwater of Jampur-Pakistan using geostatistical methods. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2016, 57(58): 28195-28204.

[163] Oyem, H.H., I.M. Oyem, E.N. Obiwulu. Barium, Calcium and Sodium, Cyanide, Phosphate, and Sulphate Contents of Groundwater in Some Ika Communities of Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2017, 05(08): 89-98.

[164] Torres-Martínez, J.A., et al. Tracking nitrate and sulfate sources in groundwater of an urbanized valley using a multi-tracer approach combined with a Bayesian isotope mixing model. Water Research, 2020: 115962.

Downloads

How to Cite

Wali, S. U., Dankani, I. M., Abubakar, S. D., Gada, M. A., Umar, K. J., Usman, A. A., & Shera, I. M. (2020). Reassessing Groundwater Potentials and Subsurface water Hydrochemistry in a Tropical Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Geological Research, 2(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v2i3.2141

Issue

Article Type

Articles