Review on Using of Macro Algae (seaweeds) in Fish Nutrition

Authors

  • Hamed H.E. Saleh Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), El-Fayoum, Egypt

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v2i2.2054

Abstract

Currently, the search is on for alternative sources of feed ingredients, the main reasons being escalated cost and uncertainty of constant supply of common feed ingredients. The importance of algae as a potential substitute protein source for cultured fish feeding has been documented in recent years. Seaweeds are receiving consideration for their high protein value, essential amino acid content, vitamins and trace metals in fish feeding. As well as marine macro algae could be a potential low-cost source of protein for fish. Moreover, the economic comparison of feed cost indicated that increasing level of fresh and dried gut weed in alternative feeding treatments, commercial feed used for fish growth was reduced leading to significantly reduction of feed cost. Use macro algae (seaweed) in fish diets may improves growth parameters, feed efficiency, physiological activity, carcass quality, disease resistance and reduced stress response. This review describes effects of use macro algae (seaweed) in diets on growth performance of fish.

Keywords:

Feed ingredients, Common feed ingredients, Seaweeds, Macro algae, Fish feeding, Feed cost

References

[1] Abdel-Aziz, M.F.A. and Ragab, M.A. (2017). Effect of use fresh macro algae (seaweed) Ulva fasciata and Enteromorpha flaxusa with or without artificial feed on growth performance and feed utilization of rabbit fish (Siganus rivulatus) fry. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development 8: 482.

[2] Abdel-Warith, A.A.; Younis, E.M.I. and Al-Asgah, N.A. (2016). Potential use of green macro-algae Ulva lactuca as a feed supplement in diets on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23: 404-409.

[3] Canales-Gomez, E.; Correa, G. and Viana, M.T. (2010). Effect of commercial carotene pigments (astaxanthin, cantaxanthin and β-carotene) in juvenile abalone Haliotis rufescens diets on the color of the shell or nacre. Veterinary Mexico, 41: 191-200.

[4] Costa, M.M.; Oliveira, S.T.L.; Balen, R.E.; Bueno, J.G. and Baldan, L.T. (2013). Brown seaweed meal to Nile Tilapia fingerlings. Arch. Zootec., 62: 101-109.

[5] Cyrus, M.D.; Bolton, J.J.; Scholtz, R. and Macey, B.M. (2014). The advantages of Ulva (Chlorophyta) as an additive in sea urchin formulated feeds: effects on palatability, consumption and digestibility. Aquaculture Nutrition, 21(5): 578-591.

[6] Diler, I.A.; Tekinay, A.; Guroy, D.; Guroy, B.K. and Soyuturk, M. (2007). Effects of Ulva rigida on the growth, feed intake and body composition of Common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. J. Biol. Sci., 7: 305-308.

[7] Elmorshedy, I. (2010). Using of algae and seaweeds in the diets of marine fish larvae. Fac. Agri. Saba Bacha, Alexandria University, Egypt.

[8] El-Tawil, N.E. (2010). Effects of green seaweeds (Ulva sp.) as feed supplements in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) diet on growth performance feed utilization and body composition. J. Arabian Aquacult. Soc., 5: 179-193.

[9] Garcia-Casal, M.N.; Pereira, A.C.; Leets, I.; Ramirez, J. and Quiroga, M.F. (2007). High iron content and bioavailability in humans from four species of marine algae. J. Nutr., 137: 2691-2695.

[10] Guedes, A.C.; Sousa-Pinto, I. and Malcata, F.X. (2015). Application of Micro-algae protein to aquafeed. In: Kim S K (ed.), Handbook of marine micro-algae, Academic Press, Boston, Massachusetts, pp.93-125.

[11] Guroy, B.K.; Cirik, G.S.; Sanver, D. and Tekiny, A.A. (2007). Effects of Ulva rigida and Cystoseira barbata meals as a feed additive on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Turkey J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 31: 91-97.

[12] Haroon, A.M.; Hussian, A.M. and El-Sayed, S.M. (2018). Deviations in the biochemical structure of some macroalgal species and their relation to the environmental conditions in Qarun Lake, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44: 15-20.

[13] Horn, M.H. and Messer, K.H. (1992). Fish guts as chemical reactor: a model of the alimentary canals of marine herbivorous fishes. Marine Biology, 113(4): 527-535.

[14] Ismail, M.M.; El-Zokm, G.M. and El-Sayed, A.M. (2017). Variation in biochemical constituents and master elements in common seaweeds from Alexandria Coast, Egypt, with special reference to their antioxidant activity and potential food uses: prospective equations. Environ. Monit. Assess., 189(12): 648.

[15] Khalafalla, M.M. and El-Hais, A.M.A. (2015). Evaluation of Seaweeds Ulva rigida and Pterocladia capillaceaas Dietary Supplements in Nile Tilapia Fingerlings. J. Aquac. Res. Development, 6: 312. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.1000312.

[16] Kotnala, S., Dhar, P., Das, P., & Chatterji, A. (2010). Growth performance of fingerlings of the Indian major carp Catla catla (Ham.) fed with feeds supplemented with different seaweeds. Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol., 18 (2): 255- 62.

[17] Kraan, S. (2013). Pigments and minor compounds in algae. In Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals; Domínguez, H., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK, pp. 205-251.

[18] Luning, K. (1990). Seaweeds, their environment, biogeography and ecophysiology. Willey Inter-science Publications 3: 370.

[19] Marsham, S.; Scott, G.W. and Tobin, M.L. (2007). Comparison of nutritive chemistry of a range of temperate seaweeds. Food Chem., 100: 1331-1336.

[20] Mine, I.; Menzel, D. and Okuda, K. (2008). Morphogenesis in giant-celled algae. Int. Review of Cell and Molecular Biol., 266: 37-83.

[21] Natify, W.; Droussi, M.; Berday, A. and Araba, M. (2015). Effect of the Seaweed Ulva lactuca as a feed additive on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus L.). International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research, 7 (3): 85-92.

[22] Neto, R.T.; Marcal, C.; Queiros, A.S.; Abreu, H.; Silva, A.M.S. and Cardoso, S.M. (2018). Screening of Ulva rigida, Gracilaria sp.; Fucus vesiculosus and Saccharina latissima as functional ingredients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19, 2987.

[23] Patel, P.V.; Vyas, A.A. and Chaudhari, S.H. (2018). Effect of seaweed (Ulva sp.) as a feed additive in the diet on growth and survival of Labeo rohita fry. Scire Science Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(3): 97-113.

[24] Perez, M.J.; Falqué, E. and Dominguez, H. (2016). Antimicrobial action of compounds from marine seaweed. Mar. Drugs, 14, 52.

[25] Prabu, D.L.; Sahu, N.P.; Pal, A.K.; Dasgupta, S. and Narendra, A. (2016). Immunomodulation and interferon gamma gene expression in sutchi catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus: effect of dietary fucoidan rich seaweed extract (FRSE) on pre and post challenge period. Aquaculture Research, 47(1): 199-218.

[26] Rahman, M.M. and Meyer, C.G. (2009). Effects of food type on diel behaviours of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in simulated aquaculture pond conditions. J. Fish Biol., 74: 2269-2278.

[27] Saleh, H.H.E. (2020). Can artificial feed be replace by fresh macro algae (Enteromorpha flaxusa) in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus) juvenile nutrition?. J. Oceanogr. Mar. Res., 8:200. doi: 10.35248/2572-3103.20.8.200.

[28] Santhanam, R.N.; Remananthan, N. and Jagathusan, G. (1990). Coastal aquaculture in India. CBS Publishers & distributors pp.159-162.

[29] Shude, X.u.; Zhang, L.; Wu, Q.; Liu, X.; Wang, S.; You, C. and Li, Y. (2011). Evaluation of dried seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis as an ingredient in diets for teleost fish Siganus canaliculatus. Aquacult. Int., 19: 1007-1018

[30] Siddik, M.A.B.; Nahar, A. and Rahman, M.M. (2014). Bossier gut weed, Enteromorpha sp. as a partial replacement for commercial feed in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Culture World J. Fish. Mar. Sci., 6: 267-274.

[31] Sinha, A.K.; Sinha, A.K.; Harinder-Makkar, H.; De Boeck, G. and Becker, K. (2012). Nonstarch Polysaccharide in human nutrition- A Review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 52(10): 899-935.

[32] Tolasa, S.; Cakli, S. and Ostermeyer, U. (2005). Determination of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in salmonid. European Food Research and Technology, 221: 787-791.

[33] Undeland, I. (2016). Oxidative stability of seafood. In: Hu, M. and Jacobsen, C. (eds.), Oxidative stability and shelf life of foods containing oils and fats, AOCS Press, US, Pp. 391-460.

[34] Valente, L.M.P.; Gouveia, A.; Rema, P.; Matos, J.; Gomes, E.F. and Pinto, I.S. (2006). Evaluation of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursa-pastoris, Ulva rigida and Gracilaria cornea as dietary ingredients in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture, 252(1): 85-91.

[35] Van Doan, H.; Doolgindachbaporn, S. and Suksri, A. (2014). Effects of low molecular weight agar and Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of basa fish (Pangasius bocourti, Sauvage 1880). Fish & Shellfish Immunology., 41(2): 340-345.

[36] Vinoj, K.V. and Kaladharan, P. (2007). Amino acids in the seaweeds as an alternate source of protein for animal feed. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. Indian, 49: 35-40.

[37] Wassef, E.A.; El-Sayed, A.F.M. and Sakr, E.M. (2013). Pterocladia (Rhodophyta) and Ulva (Chlorophyta) as feed supplements for European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., fry. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25: 1369-1376.

[38] Wassef, E.A.; El-Sayed, A.F.M.; Kandeel, K.M. and Sakr, E.M. (2005). Evaluation of Pterocladia and Ulva meals as additives to gilthead seabream Sparus aurata diets. Egypt J. Aquat. Res., 31: 321-332.

[39] Wong, K.H. and Cheung, P.C. (2000). Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red and green seaweeds I. proximate composition, amino acid profiles and some physico-chemical properties. Food Chem., 71: 475-482.

[40] Xu, S.; Zhang, L.; Wu, Q.; Liu, X. and Wang, S. (2011). Evaluation of dried seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis as an ingredient in diets for teleost fish (Siganus canaliculatus). Aquacult. Int., 19: 1007-1018.

[41] Yildirim, O.; Ergun, S.; Yaman, S. and Turker, A. (2009). Effects of two seaweeds (Ulva lactuca and Enteromorpha linza) as a feed additive in diets on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 15(3): 455-460.

[42] Yousif, O.M.; Osman, M.F.; Anwahi, A.R.; Zarouni, M.A. and Cherian, T. (2004). Growth response and carcass composition of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus Park) fed diets supplemented with dehydrated seaweed (Enteromorpha sp.). Emir. J. Agric. Sci., 16: 18-26.

Downloads

Issue

Vol. 2 , Iss. 2 (April 2020)

Article Type

Reviews

License

Copyright and Licensing

The authors shall retain the copyright of their work but allow the Publisher to publish, copy, distribute, and convey the work.

Journal of Zoological Research publishes accepted manuscripts under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Authors who submit their papers for publication by Journal of Zoological Research agree to have the CC BY-NC 4.0 license applied to their work, and that anyone is allowed to reuse the article or part of it free of charge for non-commercial use. As long as you follow the license terms and original source is properly cited, anyone may copy, redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material.

License Policy for Reuse of Third-Party Materials

If a manuscript submitted to the journal contains the materials which are held in copyright by a third-party, authors are responsible for obtaining permissions from the copyright holder to reuse or republish any previously published figures, illustrations, charts, tables, photographs, and text excerpts, etc. When submitting a manuscript, official written proof of permission must be provided and clearly stated in the cover letter.
The editorial office of the journal has the right to reject/retract articles that reuse third-party materials without permission.

Journal Policies on Data Sharing

We encourage authors to share articles published in our journal to other data platforms, but only if it is noted that it has been published in this journal.